Cow muscular system comprises the specialized muscles and tendons from different regions of its body. Here, you will learn the classification and identification of different muscles from the cow with schematic diagrams and real pictures.
Quick answer: Cow muscular system includes the muscles and tendons of the head, neck, thorax, abdomen, pelvic, and limbs.
You will learn how these entire muscles of the cow’s muscular system work together to support movement and other vital functions. Before that, I will provide the identification strategies of the entire muscles from the different regions of the cow’s body.
Thus, you will easily learn the whole muscle anatomy from the cow in this guide.
Types and parts of the muscles in a cow
Figure 1 shows the schematic diagram/presentation of the three different muscles of the cow’s body.
It presents smooth, cardiac, and skeletal muscles from the intestine and stomach, heart, and limb of a cow, respectively. Thus, the types of muscles in a cow’s body are –
Smooth muscle: This type of muscle is constituted by masses of spindle-shaped cells. They mainly occur in the wall of the hollow visceral organs, vessels, glands, and eye ball. These are the nonstratied muscles, and contractions are involuntary.
Cardiac muscle: This muscle is arranged in irregular masses and forms cross-striations. Thus, they are striated muscle but their actions are involuntary. You will find this muscle typically in the wall of the cow’s heart and the immediate proximal end of the great vessels.
Skeletal muscle: This type of muscle is arranged into distinct groups of variable size and is termed as individual muscles. They are striated and voluntary muscles that act under the influence of a stimulus from the nervous system.
In the cow’s gross anatomy, you need to identify and describe the whole skeletal muscles both for practical and theory examinations. But, you might have the full knowledge of the parts of a cow’s skeletal muscle to identify whole muscles perfectly.
Parts of the skeletal muscle in a cow
Figure 2 presents the general anatomy of a cow muscle. It shows three basic parts: origin, belly/head, and insertion of the cow’s gastrocnemius muscle.
Here, the origin of this muscle is the attachment to the medial and lateral supracondyloid crest of the cow femur bone. It is proximal in location and remains more stationary on the bone. However, it is fleshy in structure (sometimes it may be tendinous in other muscles).
The fleshy/ muscular middle part of the gastrocnemius muscle is the head. It is located between the origin and insertion parts of the muscle. A few skeletal muscles of a cow possess tendinous fibers in their head part.
Finally, the muscle inserts on the tuber calcis of the cow’s calcaneus bone. This attachment of the muscle is less stationary or movable on the bone. It is usually the distal part of the muscle, and it may also be tendinous or fleshy, depending on the different muscles.
Cow muscular system
Figure 3 shows the overview of the cow’s muscular system in a schematic version. It presents different important muscles and tendons from various regions of the cow’s body.
Thus, followings are the regions from where you need to identify the muscles layer by layer –
- First: muscles of the cow’s head region
- Second: muscles of the cow’s neck region
- Third: the muscle of the cow’s forelimb region
- Fourth: muscles of the cow’s thorax region
- Fifth: muscles of the cow’s abdomen region
- Sixth, muscles of the cow’s hindlimb region
But, what strategies do you need to follow to identification the whole muscles easily? Well, you need to follow or know the followings –
- Always use the schematic diagram that I have provided
- Try to identify muscles with the help of real pictures, where I have also identified most of the muscles from different sections.
- Know the general strategy of the attachment of the cow’s skeletal muscles to the bones.
- Understand the etymology of the cow’s skeletal muscles according to their location and direction.
- However, you might know the different bones from the different segments of the cow skeleton.
Attachment of the cow’s skeletal muscles
Figure 4 shows the attachment of the cow muscles to the bones by the tendon and aponeurosis.
Thus, you need to know the basic structure of the tendon and aponeurosis –
Tendon in a cow’s muscle: The tendon is a flexible but elastic cord of strong fibrous connective tissue attached to the cow’s muscle. It connects the cow’s muscles to the bone and transmits mechanical force for muscle contraction.
Aponeurosis in a cow muscle: It is a sheet of white fibrous connective tissue that forms the tendon. This structure is present in the sheet-like muscle that has a wide area of attachment.
The primary function of the aponeurois is to join the wider muscle to the body part. You will find the thick aponeuroses in the ventral abdominal region, dorsal lumbar region, and volar regions of a cow’s forelimb and hindlimb.
Naming of the cow’s skeletal muscles
The cow’s skeletal muscles are named on the basic of the followings –
- Location of the muscles,
- Direction of the muscle fibers,
- A group of muscle fibers or bundles,
- Size and shape of the muscles,
- Specific action performed by the muscles, and
- Number of the head of its origin,
The above strategies might help to increase your cow muscle identification skill.
Location of the muscle and its name in the cow
Some of the skeletal muscles in a cow are named according to their location. Figure 5 shows the spuraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles from the cow’s forelimb.
Here, the supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles are attached to the supraspinatus fossa and infraspinatus fossa of the cow’s scapula bone, respectively. Thus, while identifying the cow muscles, you might consider first their location.
Direction, size, and shape of the cow muscles and their name
Tables 1, 2, and 3 present the different types of directions, size, and shape of the cow’s muscles. It presents the meaning of these directions, size, and shapes with an example from the muscular system anatomy of a cow.
Table 1: Cow muscle naming according to the directions
| Directions | Meaning | Example |
| Rectus/straight | The muscle fibers run parallel to the midline | Rectus abdominis muscle of a cow |
| Transverse | The fibers run perpendicular to the midline of the cow’s body | Transverse abdominis muscle of a cow |
| Oblique | The muscle fibers run diagonally to the midline of the cow’s body | Cow’s obliqqus abdomnis externus and internus muscles |
Table 2: Cow muscle naming according to the size of different muscles
| Size of muscles | Meaning | Example |
| Longus/longissimus | Longest among the group of muscles in the specific area | Longus colli muscle, Cow’s longissimus dorsi muscle |
| Latissimus | It means the widest muscle among the group in a particular area | Latissimus dorsi muscle of a cow |
| Major | It means the larger muscle | Cow’s teres muscle |
| Minor | Minor means the smaller muscle | Cow’s teres minor muscle |
| Vastus | It means greater muscle | Cow’s vastus lateralis and medialis muscle (part of quadriceps femoris) |
Cow muscles naming according to their shapes (Table 3)
| Shapes | Meaning | Example |
| Deltoid | Deltoid means the delta-shaped muscle | Deltoideus muscle of a cow |
| Trapezius | It is a trapezoid muscle | Cow’s trapezius muscle |
| Rhomboideus | It is a rhomboid/diamond-shaped muscle | Cow’s rhomboideus muscle |
| Serratus | Serratus is a saw toothed like muscle | Cow’s serratus thoracic and cervicis muscles |
| Quadratus | It is a square-like muscle | Cow’s quadratus femoris muscle |
| Gracialis | Gracialis is a slender type of muscle in the cow’s body | Cow’s gracialis muscle |
| Orbicularis | It is a circular muscle of the cow’s body | Cow’s orbicularis muscle |
Name of the cow’s muscles according to their actions
Some muscles of the cow’s limbs and head regions are named according to their actions (Figure 6). If you understand the different types of actions of the muscle, you will easily remember the names of the cow’s forearm and leg muscles.
Followings are the names of the cow’s muscles according to their action –
Extensor muscles: These are the group of cow’s muscles that increase the angle between the bones and are located on the cranio-lateral aspect. Example: extensor carpi radialis, extensor digitorum superficial muscles of the cow’s forelimb.
Flexor muscles: These are a group of muscles in the cow’s body that reduce the angle between the bones and are located on the caudo-medial aspect. Example: flexor carpi radialis, flexor carpi ulnaris of the cow’s forelimb.
Abductor muscles: These are the muscles that move the bone away from the midline of the axial skeleton. Example: abductor digit I longus muscle of the cow’s forelimb.
Adductor muscles: These types of muscle move the bone toward the midline of the axial skeleton. Example – adductor muscle of the cow’s thigh region.
Levator and depressor muscles: here, the levator muscle elevates the cow’s body part. Whereas, the depressor muscle lowers the cow’s body part. Example: levator nasolabialis and depressor labii mandibularis muscles of the cow.
Tensor muscle. This is a triangular-shaped muscle that makes the body part rigid. Example: tensor fasciae latae muscles of the cow’s hind limb.
Naming of cow muscles according to the number of origins
Figure 7 shows the biceps, triceps, and quadriceps muscles from the different regions of a cow.
These cows’ muscles are named according to the number of their origin in the limbs. Thus, the cow’s biceps, triceps, and quadriceps, meaning the followings (Table 4) –
| Number of origin | Meaning | Example |
| Biceps | Biceps is the muscle with two heads of origin | Cow’s biceps brachii muscle |
| Triceps | These are the muscle having three heads of origin | Triceps brachii muscle in the cow’s arm region |
| Quadriceps | It is a muscle with three heads of origin | Quadriceps femoris muscle of cow’s thigh |
Now, you may easily learn and identify the cow’s entire muscles from its different regions. First, let’s start with the identification of the muscles in the cow’s head regions.
Before that, let’s see the practically important muscles in the cow’s body from Figure 8.
Cow head muscles identification
Figure 9 shows the schematic diagrams/presentation of the cow head muscles. It presents the muscles from the lip, cheeks, nostrils, eyelids, external ears, ocular, and temporo-mandibular regions of the cow’s head.
Thus, followings are the main muscles from the cow’s face and muzzle (lip, cheeks, and nostrils) –
- Levator nasolabialis muscle
- Levator labii maxillaris muscle
- Caninus muscle
- Depressor labii maxillaris muscle
- Orbicularis oris muscle
- Malaris muscle
- Zygomaticus muscle
- Buccinator muscle
- Masseter muscle
However, followings are the main muscles from the eye and ear regions of a cow’s head –
- Orbicularis oculi muscle
- Frontalis muscle
- Zygomatico auricularis muscle
- Parotido auricularis muscle
- Scutulo auricularis muscle
Again, Figure 10 presents the schematic diagrams/presentation of different muscles from the cow’s hyoid, temporo-mandibular, palpebral, and ocular regions.
Here, the main hyoid muscles of the cow are stylohyoideus, occipitophyoideus, and geniohyoideus in the dorsal aspect. However, digastricus, mylohyoideus, and omohyoideus are the major ventral muscles of the cow’s hyoid region.
There are seven extraocular extrensic muscles in the cow’s eyeball. Among these four are the straight muscles, two are the oblique muscles, and one is the retractor muscle.
However, the muscles of the cow’s tongue, palates, and larynx are also discussed under the head muscle anatomy. Thus, you need to pay extra attention to learning the entire muscles from the cow’s head region.
Groups of muscles in cow’s head region
For identification and description purposes, the muscles of the cow’s head are subdivided into followings groups –
- One: muscles of the facial region: includes the muscles of the lip, cheeks, and nostrils.
- Two: muscles of the palpebral and ocular region: They include the muscles of the cow’s eye and eyeball.
- Three: muscles of the auricular region: They include the muscles of the cow’s ears.
- Four: muscles of the temporo-mandibular region: They include the muscles of the cow’s temporo-mandibular area.
- Fifth, muscles of the hyoid region: They include the muscles of the cow’s hyoid bones.
Muscles of the cow’s facial region
Figure 11 shows the schematic diagram/presentation of the cow’s lip muscles. Most of them are levator, depressor, and circular types of muscles.
Table 5 also presents the cow’s lip muscles along with their origin and insertion –
| Cow’s lip muscles | Origin | Insertion |
| Orbicularis oris | ||
| Levator nasolabialis | Nasal and frontal bones | Nostril and upper lip |
| Levator labii maxillaries | Facial tuberosity | Upper lip |
| Depressor labii maxillaries | Facial tuberosity | Upper lip |
| Depressor labii mandibularis | Alveolar border of mandible | Lower lip/mandible |
| Mentalis | Ventrolateral to mandible | Lower lip |
| Zygomaticus | Zygomatic arch and messeteric fossa | Angle of lip |
What are the muscles of mastication in a cow?
The cheek muscles include buccinator, masseter, temporalis, pterygoideus, digastricus, and malaris, which are called the muscles of mastication in a cow. Here, Figure 12 shows the muscles of the mastication/cheek muscles in a cow.
Muscles of the palpebral and ocular region of a cow
Table 6 shows the muscles of the eyelids of a cow along with the origin and insertion –
| Eyelids muscles | Origin | Insertion |
| Orbicularis oculi | Lacrimal bone | Palpebral fascia |
| Cutaneous faciei | Base of the cornual process | Orbicularis oculi |
| Levator palpebrae superioris | Pterygoid crest | Superior eyelid |
| Depressor palpebrae inferioris | Messeteric fascia | Lower eyelid |
Here, Figure 13 shows the seven extraocular muscles from the cow’s eyeball.
Muscles of the neck in a cow
Figure 14 presents the most superficial and practically important muscles of the neck in a cow. To identify the cow neck muscles, you might go layer by layer from both the dorsal and ventral aspects of its neck.
I have already described all the identifying strategies of the cow’s neck muscles with schematic diagrams and real pictures. Most of the superficial muscles of the cow’s neck from both the dorsal and ventral aspects are practically important.
Thus, I am going to provide the origin and insertion of these neck muscles in Table 7 –
| Neck muscles | Origin | Insertion |
| Brachiocephalicus | Occipital bone Mastoid process | Musculospiral groove of the humerus bone |
| Sternocephalicus | Manubrium sterni andFirst costal cartilage | Ramus of the mandibleTemporal and occipital bones |
| Omotransversarius | Wings of the atlas | Scapular spine |
| Sternothyrohyoideus | Manubrium sterni | Lamina of thyroid cartilage Basihyoid bone |
| Omohyoideus | 3rd and 4th cervical vertebrae | Body of the hyoid bone |
| Scalenus | Transverse process of cervical vertebrae (3rd to 7th) | 1st – 4th ribs |
| Longus colli | Bodies of the first 6 thoracic vertebrae and Transverse process of cervical vertebrae | 6th and 7th cervical vertebrae Bassioccipital bone |
| Rhomboideus | Ligamentum nuchae First four thoracic vertebrae | Cartilage of the scapula bone |
| Serratus cervicis | 2nd to 7th cervical vertebraeLateral surface of 1st – 5th ribs | Scapula bone |
| Splenius | First 3/4 thoracic vertebraeNuchal ligament | Wing of the atlasAxis and third cervical bones |
Cow’s forelimb muscles
You already know the naming strategies of cow’s muscles and have a good knowledge of the cow’s forelimb segments. Thus, you can truly apply your knowledge to identify the cow’s forelimb muscles without memorizing their name one by one.
I have described the pure identification strategies of the cow’s forelimb muscles with schematic and real pictures. Here, Figure 15 provides an overview of the cow’s forelimb muscles.
But, it is better to identify these cows’ forelimb muscles from different segment-wise. However, most of the muscles from the different segments, like the shoulder, arm, forearm, and manus are practically important.
Thus, if you learn and identify these muscles, you will easily understand the distribution of vessels and nerves through them. Here, Table 8 shows the cow’s shoulder muscles with their origin and insertion –
| Cow’s shoulder muscles | Origin | Insertion |
| Deltoideus | Acromion process of scapula | Deltoid process of humerus |
| Teres major | Caudal border of scapula | Greater tuberosity of the humerus |
| Supraspinatus | Supraspinous fossa,Scapula spine | Greater and lesser tuberosities of the humerus |
| Infraspinatus | Infraspinous fossa,Scapular spine | Greater tuberosity of humerus bone |
| Subscapularis | Subscapular fossa | Lesser tuberosity of humerus |
| Coracobrachialis | Coracoid process of scapula | Humerus bone |
Again, Table 9 presents the most important muscles from the cow’s arm region with their origin and insertion –
| Cow’s arm muscles | Origin | Insertion |
| Biceps brachii | Tuber scapulae | Different parts of radius |
| Brachialis | Musculospiral groove of humerus bone | Medial border of radius |
| Triceps brachii | Long head: caudal border of scapulaLateral head: deltoid tuberosityMedial head: medial surface of humerus | Medial, lateral, and caudal surfaces of the olecranon process of ulna |
For the cow’s forearm and manus muscles, you need to follow the strategies that I have provided before.
Muscles of the thorax in a cow identification
The muscles of the cow’s thorax are divided into two major groups –
- Muscles of the thoracic vertebrae/muscles of the back region of the trunk, and
- Muscles of the cow’s thoracic wall,
Here, the muscles of the cow’s thoracic wall are attached to the lateral and ventral walls of the thorax. Together, these muscles assist in the act of expiration.
First, I will help you to identify the muscles of the cow’s thoracic vertebrae with schematic diagrams.
Muscles of the cow’s thoracic vertebrae/spine
Figure 16 shows the schematic diagrams/presentation of the cow’s back/spine muscles. There are 4 – 5 important muscles in the cow’s spine.
According to the figure, the muscles are –
Iliocostalis thoracic muscle: It starts from the transverse process of the fourth lumbar vertebra. Then it passes cranially upto fifth ribs on the dorsolateral aspect of the cow’s thorax.
Longissimus dorsi muscle: It is the longest and also the largest muscle in the cow’s body. This muscle extends from the cow’s sacrum and ilium to the atlas vertebra.
Longissimus costarum muscle: It is fleshy and arranged into two distinct masses. This muscle is related superficially to serratus dorsalis, deeply to the ribs, and medially to the longissimus dorsi muscle.
Semispinalis thoracic muscle: It is a thick muscle that extends from the transverse process of the first lumbar to the third cervical vertebra.
Multifidus thoracic muscle: This is a long and segmented muscle that attaches to the spinous processes of the thoracic vertebrae.
Identification of muscles from the cow’s thoracic wall
Figure 17 shows the schematic diagrams/presentation of the muscles of the cow’s thoracic wall.
The figure presents the following muscles on the cow’s thoracic wall –
Levator costarum muscle: It is a segmental muscle having eleven pairs in a cow. This muscle is triangular in shape and arises from the transverse process of the cow’s thoracic vertebrae.
Intercostalis externi muscle: These muscles fill the intercostal spaces of the cow’s thorax. They extend from the levator costarum to the distal extremity of the ribs.
Intercostalis interni muscle: These muscles also fill the intercostal spaces with intercostalis externi muscles. They arise from the cranial border of the ribs and their cartilage. Finally, they insert on the caudal border of the preceding ribs and their cartilage.
Retractor costate muscle: It is a thin, flat, and triangular muscle in the cow’s thorax. This muscle is located in the angle formed by the last rib and the end of the lumbar transverse process.
Serratus dorsalis muscles. These are the two divisions of muscles, dorsalis and ventralis. They are attached to the corresponding aspect of the dorsolateral thoracic wall of a cow’s thorax.
Transverse thoracic muscle: This is a flat muscle that is located on the upper surface of the cow’s sternum and cartilage of the sternal ribs.
Diaphragm: This is a broad, unpaired muscle of the cow’s thorax that separates the abdominal cavity from the thoracic cavity. The cow diaphragm has 2 parts, 3 attachments, and has a close relation with other organs of the thorax and abdomen.
Muscles of the cow’s abdomen
Figure 18 shows the four practically important muscles of the cow’s abdomen. You may easily apply the naming strategies of the cow abdominal muscles to memorize their name.
All these abdominal muscles are named according to their location and fiber direction. Table 10 shows the overview of the cow’s abdominal muscles along with their origin and insertion –
| Cow’s abdomen muscles | Origin and insertion |
| External obliquus abdominis | Origin: lateral surface of last 8/9 ribs and thoracolumbar fasciaInsertion: Linea alba and prepubic tendon |
| Internal obliquus abdominis | Origin: tuber coxae and the thoracolumbar fasciaInsertion: linea alba, prepubic tendon, and last few ribs |
| Transverse abdominis | Origin: Medial surface of the sternal ribs and transverse process of lumbar vertebraeInsertion: Linea alba and xiphoid cartilage |
| Rectus/straight abdominis | Origin: lateral and ventral surface of sternumInsertion: linea alba and prepubic tendon |
The direction of fibers in the abdominal wall is complex among the various muscles of the cow muscular system. Other than these abdominal wall muscles, you will also find some longissimus, lumboraum, and psoas muscles.
Muscles of the cow’s hind limb
Figure 19 presents the overview of the cow’s hind limb muscles. But, you might learn and identify them from the different segments of the cow’s hind limb as you learned from its forelimb.
However, you may again apply the naming strategies, like the location and direction, to identify the hind limb muscles. The lateral muscles of the cow’s hip and thigh are special and have practical significance.
Table 11 shows the most superficial/lateral muscles from the cow’s hip and thigh regions with origin and insertion –
| Lateral muscles of thigh | Origin and insertion |
| Tensor fascia latae | Origin: tuber coxae Insertion: lateral patellar ligament |
| Gluteobiceps | Origin: tuber ischii, sacral spine, Insertion: patella, tibial crest, and fibular tarsal |
| Middle gluteus | Origin: tuber coxae, and tuber sacraleInsertion: the trochanteric major and fossa of femur |
| Semitendinosus | Origin: tuber ischiiInsertion: tibial crest and fibular tarsal |
| Semimembranosus | Origin: ventral surface of the tuber ischii and ischiumInsertion: medial epicondyle of cow’s femur |
However, gracialis and gemellus are the most important muscles from the medial aspect of the cow’s thigh. Here, Table 12 presents the list of the extensor and flexor muscles from the cow’s leg and pes regions –
| Extensor group muscles of the leg | Flexor group muscles of the leg |
| Tibialis cranialis muscle | Gastrocnemius muscle |
| Fibularis tertius muscle | Soleus muscle |
| Extensor digitorum lomgus muscle | Flexor digitorum superficialis muscle |
| Fibularis longus muscle | Flexor digitorum profundus muscle |
| Extensor digitorum lateralis muscle | Popliteus muscle |
| Extensor digitorum brevis muscle |
Cow tail muscles identification
You will find five muscles that surround the cow’s tail bone on either side. The caudal spinal nerve and branches of the dorsolateral caudal and the median sacral artery innervate these muscles.
Figure 20 shows the cow’s tail muscles from both lateral sides.
Followings are the muscles of the cow’s tail bone –
- Sacro coccygeus dorsalis medialis muscle
- Sacro coccygeus dorsalis lateralis muscle
- Intertransversarii caudae muscle
- Sacro coccygeus ventralis lateralis muscle
- Sacro coccygeus ventralis medialis muscle
FAQ’s on the cow’s muscular system
The cutaneous muscle of the cow’s thorax is a part of the main cutaneous muscle of the trunk. It arises from the interbrachial fascia on the arm, elbow, and shoulder. This muscle extends as a broad sheet between the shoulder and arm cranially. Finally, it connects to the middle of the dorsum and the tuber coxae.
The dorsolateral and ventrolateral groups of muscles of the cow’s thorax are thoracic girdle muscles of the cow. These groups of muscles include the trapezius, latissimus dorsi, rhomboideus, superficial pectoral, deep pectoral, serratus, and subcavius muscles.
The muscles of the cow’s lumbar spine are part of the muscles of the back and loins. These muscles include longissimus lumborum, iliocostalis lumborum, multifidus lumborum, intertransversarii lumborum, sublumbar muscle, psoas major and minor, and iliacus muscles.
Conclusion
So, the cow muscular system refers to the identification and description of all the muscles in its body. The naming of the muscles from the cow’s different regions is more likely based on the location, direction, shape, size, and number of origin.
The head, neck, thorax, abdomen, and limb regions of a cow possess different, unique muscles. All the schematic diagrams/presentation and real pictures might help to learn the entire cow’s muscles smooth.
References
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